7 Tips on How to Write CPA Canada Practical Experience Requirements (PER) Experience Reports

If you have done some reading on the practical experience requirements (PER), or you’ve submitted a PER, you would have found that the process is a nightmare. There is very few documentation, you spend hours writing the reports, and when you submit it, it usually gets rejected by the reviewers. This is the case for both Experience Verification Route (EVR) and Pre-approved Program (PPR) routes.

7 Tips to write the PER report

Tip 1. Use the acronym CARL
CARL stands for: Challenge, Actions, Results and Lessons learned.  When writing your experience verification, don’t put random paragraphs of things that happened. Instead, put the CARL template and fill out each of the letters. What is the challenge that you faced? What exact steps did you take to resolve it? Wat was the end result and what lessons did you learn from the experience?

Tip 2: Use the words CPA Way a lot
The CPA Way is the backbone of the entire program, and it doesn’t end with the CFE. Writing PER is like writing cases. So don’t make up your own format. Instead, put the CARL format, and at the A step, put the sentence: “To resolve this challenge. I followed the CPA away”, then put each of the CPA way steps down and fill the details.

Tip 3: Use the question marks
When you’re at the PER tool, called PERT, you’ll see question marks, and when you click on them, it’s gonna give you a guideline of whether this applies to you and what to fill. This is one of the BEST resources you have because it’ll guide you on your writing process. I recommend going through the entire PERT, copying these guiding comments and saving them somewhere for your quick reference, which leads me to the next strategy.

Tip 4: Write your experience in Microsoft Word
The PERT is kind of nice and it has been updated recently but the writing space is so little that you can barely see what you wrote. Create a Word file and type your experience there, then copy to PERT and submit. Remember to start with the CARL outline and filling the details as you go Here’s another related strategy.

Tip 5: Keep a tracker at work
Since you have to write about all the challenges that you face and how you approach them, it’s really important that you keep track of those challenges. Create an Excel file and write your successes and challenges, what actions you took and what happened. Divide it into 3 columns, first is challenge or success, then next to it the details and then the date. This also comes in handy when you’re doing a performance review at work, when your boss asks you why you should get a bonus or promotion, you’ll have concrete examples to bring up. Now, assuming you haven’t been keeping track of what happened at work like most people and you’re drawing a blank when you’re doing your PERT, you can go to your Outlook, click on your Sent Mail and go through all the emails. Most of them will be regular communication, but you’ll probably come across a couple of cool projects that you worked on that you’ve completely forgotten about. You can put some examples in PER.

Tip 6. Get your employer to become a pre-approved Training Office
Here’s an interesting fact that pretty much nobody knows about, you don’t have to work in public practice to be under PPR route. Any company, be it manufacturing, retail or software, can become a pre-approved training office and, you guessed it, if you’re in the pre-approved training office, none of the technical requirements will be required for you. This will cut out at least 70% of PER workload, you just have to fill out the easy enabling questions and you’ll get your PER done. First try to get the company you’re working for right now to convert to a PPR training office. Second, consider changing your companies. If you’re stuck at a dead end job and you’re not hitting those Level 1 and 2s, and your supervisor is not supporting you, you have to do something. Most people think this means you have to go to public practice, and going from industry to public practices means a huge pay cut, but as I said any company can be under PPR. Now instead of going door by door and asking every company what CPA route they are under, just open up Google, type your provincial CPA body name and the words “pre-approved office”. You’ll get a list of all offices that are under PRR. Throw this list to Excel and filter out all LP or associate companies, which are all public practice companies.

Tip 7. Write a lot
Aim to write at least 1 full page for each example and don’t spare the details. Too often I see students writing a quick half-page example and they think they can get away with it, but it doesn’t work that way .We need a full page, 3-4 detailed examples of everything you’ve done related to that experience. Don’t spare the details, you need to storytell and paint a picture in the reader’s head of what is going on.

Get CPA PER Coaching

I’m excited to release Canada’s first CPA PER coaching program with Level 2 examples, templates, video lessons, marking services and more. Check out sample free lessons at PER Review.

 

Tax Competencies for CPA Canada’s Core 1

One of the most frequently asked questions I get as a CPA Exam Coach is what types of Finance and Tax topics can be tested in Core 1.

I’ve covered Financial Reporting (FR), Assurance and Finance topics in other posts. I’ll cover the Tax topics here.

Common Tax topics to know for Core 1

Here are some of the common Tax topics you should know for Core 1:

  • Tax income/payable – individual
  • Tax income/payable – corporation
  • Destructibility of expenses(eg home office, meals, moving expenses, etc.)
  • Common business expenses DISALLOWED
  • Common business expenses ALLOWED
  • CCA
  • Employee vs Contractor
  • Residency
  • Property Income
  • Sales tax (GST/ITC) rules and deadlines
  • Employer provided automobile – standby charge
  • Employer provided automobile – operating benefit
  • Pros/cons of incorporating
  • Salary vs. Dividends
  • Filing and payment deadlines
  • Notice of assessment/reassessment

All Tax topics that can be tested

The full list of Tax topics that you will be tested on are listed in the CPA Canada Competency Map.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Write September 2026 CFE if you Don’t Pass June 2026 CFE

Candidates who wrote the CPA Canada June 2026 CFE (Common Final Exam) are wondering if they can re-write the exam at the next offering in September 2026, should they be unsuccessful.

Yes, you can write in September if you didn’t pass May or June

According to Claire, module registration officer at CPA Western School of Business, this is allowed. This is the reply I received from her:

While candidates are welcome to choose to write the CFE in back to back offerings please be aware that the CFE is not designed to be taken that way.

If you write in May your results will be released in August – if you choose to re-register for September at that time you will need to register and write the CFE well before May CFE appeal results will be available (likely available in October) and significantly before PAR results will be available (likely February/March).

You will be able to add your name to the waitlist and register for the Fall CFE if you wish to do so after the results are released for the May offering. A waitlist fee will not be required and adding your name to the waitlist guarantees you a place in that exam.

So you can write it in September, but it’s not recommended by CPA Canada.

Should you do it?

If you need to re-write only Days 2/3 of CFE, I recommend that you write back-to-back, because your technical knowledge and case writing skills are fresh. However, first make sure you can take time off, analyze your weaknesses, and get coaching.

If you need to re-write Day 1 only, your Day 1 case will be different in the next CFE. As a result, most writers choose to wait and write next year. The reality is that it doesn’t take much time to learn a new Day 1 case and become ready. All Day 1 cases are similar to each other, in terms of AOs and formatting. So I still recommend writing in September, while the knowledge is fresh.

If you need to re-write all three days of CFE, it is better to study a year because you have a lot of content to review and learn. However, if you can take 3 weeks time off, your results show that you were close to passing, you have study resources available (e.g. tutors, extra cases, marking services), you can still write in September.

Postponing to next year is recommended for students who are busy with work, can’t take time off, didn’t pass at multiple levels, didn’t pass all days of CFE, and don’t have extra support resources.

Will the registration open after the results are released?

The September CFE registration closes before the results are released. However, after the results come out, CPA Canada will re-open it to allow students who want to write back-to-back to register into the exam.

What Day 1 cases are in June 2026, September 2026, September 2027 and September 2028 CFE?

For the June 2026 CFE*, the following Day 1 cases:

  • Karnat Bread Company Ltd. (KBC) v1
  • Viviana’s Trattoria Ltd. (VTL) v2

(Note: Usually CFEs are in May and September. For 2026, the May 2026 CFE has been delayed to June [June 2 to June 4], so it’s referred to as “June 2026 CFE” in this post.)

For the September 2026 CFE, the following Day 1 cases:

  • Singular Textiles Corporation (STC) v1
  • Meadowlark Entertainment Inc. (MEI) v2

There is no CFE in May 2027.

For the September 2027 CFE, the following Day 1 cases will be tested:

  • Singular Textiles Corporation (STC) v2
  • TBD, new case v1

For the September 2028 CFE, the following Day 1 cases will be tested:

  • TBD, prior case v2
  • TBD, new case v1

Extra resources

We are Gevorg CPA Coaching Team. To get exam coaching, sign up for our CPA CFE Review Course.

CFE Review by Gevorg CPA

 

CPA Canada CFE Day 1 Waste Disposal Inc. (WDI) Mock Exam Case

The Capstone 1 Waste Disposal Inc. (WDI) case will be tested in both September 2021 and 2022 Common Final Exams (CFEs) on Day 1. The original Capstone 1 case was made available to candidates enrolled in Capstone 1 and it will be released publicly be CPA Canada at a later date.

How do I prepare for WDI case for the CFE Day 1?

On CFE Day 1, you will be presented with the same WDI case and you will be required to analyze and answer new strategic and operational issues.

Follow these strategies:

  • Step 1: Study the Capstone 1 original case well: It’s important that you know the Capstone 1 case inside-out. You will encounter the same users and similar industry challenges. I suggest making notes of the following key situational analysis factors:
    • Users
    • Mission, vision and values
    • Key success factors (KSF)
    • Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)
    • Board objectives
    • Quantitative analysis
  • Step 2: Know the Capstone 1 strategic issues: WDI is facing 4 major strategic issues and several minor issues. In the May 2021 CFE, 4 new strategic issues were presented and it is likely that you will see again 4 strategic issues in your exam.
  • Step 3: Make note of the timeline: The CFE Day 1 case is several years in the future and there are new issues to analyze. It helps to stay organized by creating a timeline of events as you are reading the case.
  • Step 4: Understand key stakeholder preferences: The WDI case has several users who have opposing views. For example, Laura is not interested in selling her shares and would like to buy Kingsley out. Kinglsey on the other hand wants to increase WDI’s profits as quickly as possible and sell the company by 2025. It’s important that you understand  these user preferences as these will repeat in the CFE Day 1.

Whether you are in Capstone 1, Capstone 2 or you are an intentionally trained accountant (ITA) challenging the CFE under MOU, I strongly recommend practicing with supplemental mock exam cases. In Capstone 2, you will get 3 practice versions of the WDI case. However, most writers find that this is not enough and feel unprepared.

Where can I get a WDI mock exam cases?

I provide one (1) original Waste Disposal Inc. (WDI) supplemental mock exam practice case to help you better prepare for the CFE Day 1. The mock exam case is a realistic simulation of what you may get on your exam and covers typical AOs that you may find in your Day 1. The value package includes the WDI mock exam case, marking guide and the solution.

Head over to the cases section of my website for a free preview. If you have any questions  or need additional help, I’m here for support.

Waste Disposal Inc. (WDI) Mock CFE Day 1 Exam Practice Case and Solution

Preview and purchase the supplemental CFE Day 1 WDI mock exam case to improve your case writing skills and take on the Day 1 exam.

 

 

 

 

We’re Hiring CPA Canada Tutors and Mentors

Are you a professional accountant with a CPA designation looking to help university students get through their accounting courses or candidates in CPA Canada’s PREP/PEP programs get through their exams and successfully pass the CFE?

GevorgCPA Coaching is looking for enthusiastic and knowledgeable part-time Tutors who are familiar with CPA Canada’s education and examination process, including: technicals, marking, case writing, and exam strategies. The successful tutors will provide support to candidates in various GevorgCPA courses, demonstrate and give practical instruction in online class settings, and assist in the delivery webinars and other program-related activities.

GevorgCPA Coaching is Canada’s only CPA coaching provider that has been recognized in the national news as the CPA exam experts. Our flexible, integrated prep programs allow candidates to enter the CPA Canada PEP modules with strong academic knowledge, technical expertise and case writing skills. Our CPA PEP and CFE programs support candidates in their studies throughout the Core 1, Core 2, Assurance, PM, Tax, Finance, Capstone 1, Capstone 2 and the CFE. Student success is achieved through personalized coaching, the Honour Roll approach and our in-depth knowledge of the CPA examination process.

Duties & Responsibilities

  • Demonstrate and give practical coaching in online setting (Zoom) on part-time basis
  • Delivery introductory to advanced level tutoring related to CPA Canada’s PREP, PEP and CFE modules
  • Mark practice cases and integrative problems as needed
  • Devise educational models to demonstrate case writing principles
  • Explain complex concepts in an easy to understand manner by using everyday examples
  • Provide a safe and inclusive learning environment

Qualifications

  • CPA designation or Bachelor’s Degree related to accounting
  • Some experience with tutoring, marking, mentoring or teaching accounting to CPA candidates
  • Demonstrated coaching skills, communication skills, and interpersonal skills
  • Post-secondary teaching experience an asset

Benefits of working with GevorgCPA Coaching

  • Connect with a pool of candidates actively seeking tutoring support
  • Professional Development (PD) hours and opportunities for career development
  • Learning opportunities from Canada’s leading CPA exam experts
  • Increase your knowledge with discounts on GevorgCPA courses

Pay rate

  • $50-$60/hour, depending on experience

Location

  • Remote

How to apply

Update: The applications are now closed. Please contact the support team (support@gevorgcpa.com) if you’re interested in similar roles.

Full List of Finance Competencies in CPA Canada PEP

I’ve written about Financial Reporting (FR), Assurance, and Tax common topics in CPA Core 1 module in other posts. In this post, I’ll cover the common Finance topics.

Unless your background is in Finance or you have good knowledge in Finance, you’ll find the “Finance” Assessment Opportunities (AOs) in CPA Canada’s PEP Core 1 and Finance electives modules difficult to solve.

To make things worse, the CPA Canada Learning eBook has 20+ long chapters on finance, with topics ranging from Capital Budgeting to Working Capital Management.

So what topics do you need to know?

Common Finance topics to know

Here are some of the common Finance topics you should know for Core 1 and Finance elective:

  • Cash Flow Forecast
  • Valuation (EBITDA, Asset-based, CCF)
  • Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
  • Capital Budgeting
  • Payback
  • Internal rate of return (IRR)
  • Net present value (NPV)
  • Financial analysis/Ratios
  • Financing sources

All Finance topics that can be tested

The full list of Finance topics that you will be tested on are listed in the CPA Canada Competency Map.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Here’s a list of all Finance topics you can be tested on (warning: it’s a long list):

Specific topics:

  • (A) External Environment and Impact on Finance Decisions/Analysis
    1. Nature of and accessibility to capital markets (financial markets, public offerings and underwriters, private placements, secondary markets)
    2. Capital market efficiency (efficient market hypothesis)
    3. Other factors in market pricing
  • (B) Finance Concepts
    1. Risk/return
    2. Financial leverage and risk (impact on residual return, interaction with operating leverage)
    3. Financial management goals and objectives
    4. Impact of inflation/deflation
    5. Income tax considerations
    6. Time value of money (including risk-adjusted discount rates)
  • (C) Financial Analysis in a Finance Context
    1. Free cash flow analysis
    2. Horizontal and vertical analysis
    3. Ratio analysis
    4. Trend analysis
    5. Sensitivity analysis
    6. Scenario/simulation analysis
    7. Payback (PB)
    8. Internal rate of return (IRR)
    9. Net present value (NPV)
  • (D) Data Analytics in Finance
    1. Information representation for decision making
      • Data visualization of financial and nonfinancial data
      • Dashboards, graphs, tables, report design
      • Communication of information for quality decision making
      • Framing information recognizing uncertainty
    2. Quality of information for decision making
      • Dimensions of information quality – relevance, ease of use, integrity, timeliness
      • Types of data and their attributes (nature, sources, format, timing, extent and level of aggregation)
      • Professional skepticism regarding data
      • Information quality and the impact of processing models
      • Data cleansing
    3. Data and information modelling
      • Analytics and model building (descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive)
      • Standards for data tagging and reporting (XML, XBRL)
      • Model validation
      • Interpretation and professional skepticism of models and analytics
  • (E) Financing Decisions and Finance Management
    1. Inputs into determining cash flow needs
    2. Working-capital management
      • Nature of working capital
      • Role of liquidity
      • Cash and marketable securities management
      • Receivables, inventory, and payables management
    3. Sources of short-term financing (trade, factoring, lines of credit)
    4. Credit policy decisions (evaluating credit risk, determining collection policy and credit period, making use of cash discounts, organizing the credit function)
    5. Short-term versus long-term financial planning (objectives and process, forecasting, pro forma financial statements)
    6. Sources of medium- and long-term financing
      • Bank loans
      • Internally generated funds
      • Initial public offerings
      • Venture capital
      • Securitization
      • Government assistance
    7. Asset-based financing
    8. Lease financing (direct lease, sale and leaseback)
    9. Derivative financial instruments
    10. Project financing
  • (F) Investing and Risk Management
    1. Forms of ownership and extent of ownership (direct, outsourcing, strategic partnerships)
    2. Nature and use of financial instruments
    3. Debt instruments
    4. Equity instruments
    5. Derivative financial instruments (options, rights, warrants, futures, forwards, swaps, other derivatives)
    6. Convertible securities
    7. Stock-based compensation (options, appreciation rights)
    8. Tools to hedge exposures (e.g., interest rate swap, foreign currency hedge)
    9. Other types of investments
    10. Portfolio diversification and optimal investment decision making
    11. Macro-economic risk assessment
  • (G) Capital Structure Decisions
    1. Optimal capital structure
    2. Ownership and control considerations
    3. Financial leverage
    4. Tax considerations (tax shield, etc.)
    5. Effects of bankruptcy costs
  • (H) Determination of the Cost of Capital
    1. Capital components and cost
    2. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
    3. Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
    4. Marginal cost of capital
  • (I) Distribution of Earnings
    1. Dividend policy
    2. Alternatives to cash dividends (stock distribution of profts dividend, stock split, share repurchase, dividend reinvestment)
  • (J) Capital Budgeting
    1. Role and nature of capital budgeting
    2. Discount versus capitalization rate
    3. Investment in working capital
    4. Evaluation criteria (capital rationing, abandonment decisions)
    5. Tax effects
    6. Post-audit of capital investments
  • (K) Cash Flow/Net Income Estimation
    1. Tax effects
    2. Effects of non-cash items
    3. Discounting
  • (L) Valuation
    1. Purpose and nature of the valuation
    2. Fair market value concept
    3. Common inputs to valuation techniques (credit risk, market price, marketability, volatility, etc.)
    4. Approaches to valuation (for fixed income securities and/or equity instruments):
      • Asset based (adjusted book value, liquidation value, replacement cost)
      • Transaction based (capitalization of earnings, capitalization of cash flows, discounted earnings, discounted cash flow)
      • Market based (multiples)
    5. Approaches to the valuation of intangible assets
  • (M) Corporate Finance Transactions
    1. Forms of expansion and divestiture (mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures, spin-offs)
    2. Transaction considerations
    3. Key risks and rewards in corporate finance
    4. Synergies involved in the combination of entities
    5. International considerations (exchange risks, political risks, economic risk, international sources of capital)

You don’t need to know all these topics for Core 1

If you’re in Core 1, I recommend focusing on the common topics I listed first. It’s near impossible to study all above topics in the 8-week module timeframe. Although all these topics are examinable, from my experience, the key topics I listed are more commonly tested. If you want to see a list of common Tax topics for Core 1, check out this post.

For Finance elective, any of the above topics can be tested. I suggest studying all of them.

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Do You Need Technical Summaries for CPA Canada’s Core 1?

CPA candidates often ask me whether they need technical summary review notes for Core 1.

Technicals are a big part of Core 1. You will be tested on Financial Reporting, Assurance, Tax and Finance issues. The topics that you will be tested on are listed in the CPA Canada Competency Map.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What are common technical topics in Core 1?

Some of the common FR topics include:

  • Revenue recognition
  • Lease accounting
  • Financial instruments 
  • Inventories
  • Property, plant and equipment (PPE)
  • Goodwill and intangible assets
  • Impairment of assets
  • Contingencies
  • Non-monetary transactions
  • Related party transactions
  • Government assistance
  • Subsequent events
  • Asset Retirement Obligations

Some of the common Finance topics include:

  • Cash Flow Forecast
  • Valuation (EBITDA, Asset-based, CCF)
  • Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
  • Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
  • Capital Budgeting
  • Payback
  • Internal rate of return (IRR)
  • Net present value (NPV)
  • Financial analysis/Ratios
  • Financing sources

If you are looking for a summaries of key technicals, you can use these resources:

  1. Core 1 Review course
  2. CPA Canada Learning eBook summaries
  3. HTKAcademy notes

The eBook and HTKAcademy are available for free to students in the CPA PEP program.

The Bottom Line

Getting technical summaries helps to speed up the study process, but it’s only half of the battle. It’s a common misconception that passing Core 1 requires you to know all technicals. Candidates fail Core 1 due to poor case writing skills, not knowing what to focus on, and lack of time management. My Core 1 Review course is effective in helping students pass Core 1, because it teaches these exact skills, among many other things.

Get Help with Passing Core 1

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CPA Canada PEP and CFE WhatsApp Study Groups

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What to Do Now that CPA Canada Cancels the May 2021 CFE (Ontario and Quebec)

For the first time, the CPA Canada Common Final Exam (CFE) will be held regionally. CPA Canada announced today that the May 2021 CFE will be cancelled in CPA Ontario and Quebec, but will proceed as planned in CPA Western and Atlantic. The exam delivery approach for both the CPA Western and Atlantic schools will be the same as in the September 2020 CFE, involving the use of hotel rooms.

The decision is due to the high COVID-19 case counts and new variants, affecting heavily Ontario and Quebec. Out of province writers from Ontario and Quebec will not be allowed to write in other provinces.

The September 2021 CFE registration will open in May and it is scheduled to be held from September 13 to 15. Capstone 2 will be offered in July, and the registration will open again in May.

Why did CPA Canada make this decision?

In addition to what was said about health concerns, these are my thoughts:

  • Historically CFE had been offered once per year in September, so adding May was mostly for the sake of scheduling flexibility and possibly higher graduation of CPAs into the market
  • Most students in Quebec follow the university programs and those are designed to write in September
  • There is really no “requirement” to hold CFE nationally, it just made sense from administration and marking points of view
  • CPA Canada was not expecting to cancel the May 2020 CFE (last year), so there are extra set of cases that could be used, making it practical
  • The costs/benefits of booking thousands of hotel rooms vs. postponing for 4 months must have not been financially viable

What does this mean for writers in Ontario and Quebec?

This news is certainly disheartening for the most of you. I recommend taking the time to re-strategize and focus on the positives:

  • You now have 4 more months (15 weeks) to study
  • You’ll get an extra set of CFE cases to learn from
  • First time writers will now be writing WDI v2 and repeat writers the DHC v3 cases, so you’ll have extra set of Day 1 cases to study
  • If you were on the fence about ordering a Performance Analysis Review (PAR) of your 2020 CFE, you can do so from March 16-21 and these PARs will be made available by July 1. I generally recommend PARs for candidates who were unsuccessful at the CFE and cannot work out their weaknesses.

Action items for Ontario and Quebec writers:

  • Revise your study plan to add 15 weeks of more technicals and more cases (old CFE/UFE)
  • Start planning your time off with your employers for August/September
  • Mark the registration deadlines for Cap 2/ September 2021 CFE

What about writers in Western and Atlantic?

Not much changes for writers in Western (BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Yukon, NWT/Nunavut) and Atlantic (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland), as far as your exam strategy goes:

  • There will be ~65% less writers in your May 2021 exam, so less “competition” to tackle
  • CFE is still going to be marked on the curve, put your best efforts to get ahead of the  curve (est’d 1,000-3,000 writers)
  • You will be writing in hotel rooms, where there is more privacy and opportunity to focus
  • You will get only physical copies of the CFE cases during the exam. This is different than the electronic PDFs you had in the PEP program. Print and practice with hard copy cases now and in Cap 2
  • You will be using FolioViews software to look up standards. Download and practice the software to get familiar, when you get access

Action items for Western and Atlantic writers:

  • Keep working on your technicals and case writing, there are only 10 weeks left (as of today)
  • Follow the same study strategy as if the CFE was held nationally, nothing changes in your strategy
  • Watch my YouTube videos and register for my CFE prep program, if you have not done so yet

I encourage candidates to use the extra four months to be productive. Stay home and study case writing and technical materials. This will help to prevent the spread of the virus and have you well-prepared for the postponed exam.

PEP and CFE Exam Coaching

My name is Gevorg. I’m an instructor and a CPA exam coach. I’ve been featured on CBC News and Google News as a CPA exam expert. If you want coaching with me, contact me or sign up for my CPA CFE Review Course.

CFE Review by Gevorg CPA

 

How to Analyze Betterment Under IFRS for CPA Canada Exam Cases (IAS 16 and ASPE 3061)

Whether you are at CPA PEP Core 1, the electives, or the CFE, you have likely seen the “betterment” Financial Reporting (FR) issue. Betterment is covered under the CPA Canada Handbook and, in simple terms, it means enhancing a capital asset. For example, a building renovation, adding a new roof to a house, major repairs, etc. Here are the accounting treatments under both ASPE and IFRS.

Betterment under ASPE (ASPE 3061)

The ASPE 3061 section on Property, Plant and Equipment, specifically covers betterment. According to ASPE 3061, para. 14, betterment is: “The cost incurred to enhance the service potential of an item of property, plant and equipment is a betterment. Service potential may be enhanced when there is an increase in the previously assessed physical output or service capacity, associated operating costs are lowered, the life or useful life is extended, or the quality of output is improved. The cost incurred in the maintenance of the service potential of an item of property, plant and equipment is a repair, not a betterment. If a cost has the attributes of both a repair and a betterment, the portion considered to be a betterment is included in the cost of the asset.”

In CPA cases, do the following:

  1. Quote the above ASPE 3061.14 standard
  2. Use case facts to prove that there is enhancement
    1. > This can be done through a discussion of  enhancing the asset’s quality, estimated useful life, reducing operating costs,  and output quantity (memory aid: “a better QLOQ”)
  3. Analyze which costs can be capitalized
    1. > Just because it is betterment, it does not mean all expenditures can be capitalized. You can only capitalize “directly attributable cost necessary to bring the asset to the intended use.” Discuss the relevant costs and conclude which ones qualify for betterment
  4. Recommend

Betterment under IFRS (IAS 16)

The IAS 16 section on Property, Plant and Equipment, does not use the word betterment. Instead, the terms major replacement and major inspection are used. An example of major replacement is replacing the interior wall of a building or the engine of a plane. An example of major inspection is an airline company that does major inspections every few years.

In CPA cases, do the following:

  1. Quote the standard (IAS 16) and write that there are major replacements and major inspections
  2. Use case facts to prove that the event is either a major replacement or inspection
  3. Discuss that under IFRS, as long as there is future economic benefit (FEB) and costs reliably measurable, you can capitalize
  4. Use case facts to prove that there is FEB and costs are reliably measurable
    1. Similar to ASPE, only directly attributable cost necessary to bring the asset to the intended use can be capitalized
  5. Add that the carrying amount of the parts that are replaced (ie, the old parts) should be de-recognized
  6. Recommend

CPA PEP and CFE Exam Coaching

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